Deep well sparging

ABSTRACT

Method for treating contaminants on a site, especially a deep well site includes delivering a first stream of a first gas to a first port of a laminar microporous diffuser and delivering a second stream of a second gas to a second port of the laminar microporous diffuser to effect mixing of the first and second streams of gases within the laminar microporous diffuser.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Divisional Application of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/594,019 filed Nov. 7, 2006, now U.S. Pat. 7,451,965 which isa continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/146,722 filed Jun. 7,2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,131,638, which was a divisional of U.S.application Ser. No. 10/365,027, filed Feb. 12, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No.6,913,251. Each of these references are incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

BACKGROUND

This invention relates generally to water remediation systems.

There is a well-recognized need to clean-up contaminants found in groundwater, i.e., aquifers and surrounding soil formations. Such aquifers andsurrounding soil formations may be contaminated with variousconstituents including organic compounds such as, volatile hydrocarbons,including chlorinated hydrocarbons such as dichloroethene (DCE),trichloroethene (TCE), and tetrachloroethene (PCE). Other contaminatesthat can be present include vinyl chloride, 1,1 trichloroethene (TCA),and very soluble gasoline additives such as methyl tertiary butyl ether(MTBE). At limes these contaminants and others are found at great depthsbelow the earth's surface. Other contaminants may also be encountered.

SUMMARY

According to an aspect of this invention, a method includes delivering afirst stream of a first gas to a first port of a laminar microporousdiffuser and delivering a second stream of a second gas to a second portof the laminar microporous diffuser to effect mixing of the first andsecond streams of gases within the laminar microporous diffuser.

The following embodiments are within the scope of the invention. Thelaminar microporous diffuser includes a first elongated member includingat least one sidewall having a plurality of microscopic openings, saidsidewall defining an interior hollow portion of said member and coupledto the first inlet port, a second elongated member having a secondsidewall having a plurality of microscopic openings, said second memberbeing disposed through the interior hollow region defined by the firstmember and coupled to the second inlet port and an end cap to seal afirst end of the microporous diffuser.

The first and second elongated members are cylinders and the secondelongated member is disposed concentric to the first elongated member.The second elongated member is one of a plurality of second elongatedmembers disposed through the first elongated member. The plurality ofsecond elongated members are disposed through a substantial portion of alength of the first elongated member, with the second elongated membersincluding caps to terminate ends of the second elongated members.

In some embodiments an ozone generator is coupled to the first inlet.The ozone generator and a pump to supply air are arranged so that theozone generator works under a siphon condition to efficiently deliverozone to the microporous diffuser. The microporous diffuser is disposedin a well at a depth exceeding a depth that produces a back pressure onan ozone generator that would effectively reduce the efficiency of ozoneproduction by the ozone generator by 50%. The microporous diffuser emitsmicrobubbles having a size in a range of 1 to 200 microns. Themicroporous diffuser is disposed at a vertical depth in excess of 180feet from the surface of the earth.

According to a further aspect of this invention, an apparatus includes awell, a first pump to deliver a first stream of gas, a second pump todeliver a second stream of gas and a laminar microporous diffuserdisposed in the well, the laminar microporous diffuser having a top capwith first and second inlet ports coupled to the first and second pumps.The laminar microporous diffuser includes a first elongated memberforming one sidewall having a plurality of microscopic openings, saidsidewall defining an interior hollow portion of the first member withthe interior portion coupled to the first inlet port, a second elongatedmember forming a second sidewall having a plurality of microscopicopenings, said second member defining a second interior portion andbeing disposed through the hollow region of said first member, with thesecond interior portion being coupled to the second inlet port, and anend cap to seal a second end of the laminar microporous diffuser withthe first pump delivering the first gas stream to peripheral portions ofthe laminar microporous diffuser and the second pump delivering thesecond stream of gas to central portions of the laminar microporousdiffuser, with the second stream of gas migrating to peripheral portionsof the laminar microporous diffuser to effect mixing of the first andsecond streams of gases within the laminar microporous diffuser.

Other embodiments include an ozone generator coupled to the first portand wherein the first gas is ozone and the second gas is air. The firstand second elongated members are cylinders and the second elongatedmember is disposed concentric to the first elongated member. The secondelongated member is one of a plurality of second elongated membersdisposed through the first elongated member. The plurality of secondelongated members are disposed through a substantial portion of a lengthof the first elongated member, and with the second elongated membersincluding caps to terminate ends of the second elongated members.

The ozone generator and pump to supply air are arranged so that theozone generator works under a siphon condition to efficiently deliverozone to the microporous diffusers. The apparatus of claim wherein themicroporous diffuser is disposed in the well at a depth exceeding adepth that produces a backpressure on the ozone generator that wouldeffectively reduce by 50% the efficiency of ozone production by theozone generator. The microporous diffuser emits microbubbles having asize in a range of 0.5 to 200 microns, more specifically from about 1micron to 100 microns.

According to a still further aspect of this invention, apparatusincludes a first pump to deliver a first stream of gas, a second pump todeliver a second stream of gas, a laminar microporous diffuser coupledto the first and second pumps, the laminar microporous diffuserincluding a top cap with first and second inlet ports, the laminarmicroporous diffuser having an interior hollow portion coupled to thefirst inlet port and a second interior portion disposed through thefirst hollow portion, with the second interior portion being coupled tothe second inlet port and an end cap to seal a second end of the laminarmicroporous diffuser with the first pump delivering the first gas streamto peripheral portions of the laminar microporous diffuser and thesecond pump delivering the second stream of gas to central portions ofthe laminar microporous diffuser, with the second stream of gasmigrating to peripheral portions of the laminar microporous diffuser toeffect mixing of the first and second streams of gases within thelaminar microporous diffuser.

Other embodiments include an ozone generator coupled to the first pumpand wherein the first gas is ozone and the second gas is air. The ozonegenerator and the pump to supply air are arranged so that the ozonegenerator works under a siphon condition to efficiently deliver ozone tothe microporous diffusers. The microporous diffuser emits microbubbleshaving a size in a range of 1 to 200 microns.

One or more advantages can be provided from the above. The ozonegenerator and pump to supply air are arranged so that the ozonegenerator works under a siphon condition to efficiently deliver ozone tothe microporous diffusers. This permits the microporous diffuser to bedisposed in a well at a depth exceeding a depth that produces abackpressure on the ozone generator that would effectively reduce theefficiency of ozone production by the ozone generator.

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth inthe accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features,objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thedescription and drawings, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a sparging treatment example,adapted for sparging at great depths below the surface of the earth.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are longitudinal cross-section and plan cross-sectionalviews of a microporous diffuser useful in the arrangement of FIG. 1.

FIGS. 3A. and 3B are longitudinal cross-section and plan cross-sectionalviews, respectively, of an alternative microporous diffuser useful inthe arrangement of FIG. 1.

FIGS. 4A and 4B are cross-sectional view of sidewalls of the microporousdiffusers of FIG. 2A, 2B or 3A, 3B showing exemplary constructiondetails.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a microbubbler useful in thearrangement of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring now to FIG. 1, a sparging arrangement 10 for treating plumes,sources, deposits or occurrences of contaminants, is shown. Thearrangement 10 is disposed in a well 12 that has a casing 14 with aninlet screen 14 a and outlet screen 14 b to promote a re-circulation ofwater into the casing 14 and through the surrounding ground/aquiferregion 16. The casing 14 supports the ground about the well 12.Generally, the well 12 is deep, e.g., beyond 200 feet or so, but can bea shallow well, e.g., less than 200 feet or so. Disposed through thecasing 14 are one or more microporous diffusers, e.g., 50 or 70(discussed in FIG. 2A-2B or 3A-3B). The arrangement 10 also includes afirst air compressor/pump 22 and, a compressor/pump control mechanism 24to feed air into the microporous diffuser, and a second pump 26 andcontrol 27 coupled to an ozone (03) generator 28 to feed a separate feedof ozone to the microporous diffuser. The compressor/pump 22 feeds astream of air into the microporous diffuser 50 or 70 whereas; the secondpump 26 feeds a stream of ozone (03) from the ozone generator 28 intomicroporous diffuser 50 or 70. Exiting from walls of the microporousdiffuser 50 or 70 are microbubbles of air and ozone. Such encapsulatedmicron size bubbles of air/ozone affect substantial removal ofbelow-mentioned or similar types of contaminants. The arrangement 10 canalso include a pump (not shown) that supplies nutrients such as catalystagents including iron containing compounds such as iron silicates orpalladium containing compounds such as palladized carbon. In addition,other materials such as platinum may also be used.

The arrangement 10 makes use of laminar microporous diffusers 50, 70.The laminar microporous diffusers 50, 70 allow introduction of multiplegas streams. The laminar microporous diffusers 50, 70 have at least twoinlets. At least one of the inlets introduces a. first gas stream aboutthe periphery of the laminar microporous diffusers 50, 70 and anotherinlet introduces a second gas stream within interior regions of thelaminar microporous diffusers 50, 70. The gas streams can be the samegas or preferably are different. In the embodiment described, the firstgas stream is ozone and the second is air. This allows the ozonegenerator 28 to work under a siphon condition rather than requiring ahigh back pressure condition in order to efficiently deliver ozone andproduce micron size bubbles of air/ozone at great depths in the well 12.With the ozone generator under a siphon condition it is advantageous foroperation of the ozone generator at optimal efficiency and delivery ofoptimal amounts of ozone into the well, especially if the ozonegenerator is a corona discharge type. The pump 22 feeds an air streamand induces a negative pressure on the ozone stream that is fed frompump 26 when both streams are fed through the microporous diffusers 50,70.

In particular, with the microporous diffusers 50 and 70 and use of anouter port to introduce a stream of ozone, the microbubbles are producedin the microporous diffuser by bubbling air through a central cylinderof the microporous diffusers and into the surrounding outer regions ofthe microporous diffusers where it is mixed with the ozone. Thisarrangement thus can be used to treat deposits of contaminants. While itcan treat shallow deposits it is especially useful to treat depositsthat are deep into the earth's surface since by producing a negativepressure it allows the ozone stream to overcome the backpressure in thewell, without requiring the ozone generator to work under high backpressure conditions. Corona type ozone generators tend to loseefficiency when operated at high backpressures. For instance, doublingof pressure in the ozone generator to overcome large backpressures canresult in an effective reduction by 75% in ozone production compared towhat the ozone generator could produce at ambient pressure conditions.Under this arrangement ozone can be supplied at a flow rate of forexample, 0.5-50 cubic feet per hour (CFH) of ozone and 2 to 20 cubicfeet per minute of air. An exemplary set of rates is for 2-inch wells3-5 CFM total gas (air and ozone) with ozone being 1/20^(th) to1/100^(th) of the total volume.

The fine bubbles promote rapid gas/gas/water reactions with volatileorganic compounds, in which a substrate (catalyst or enhancer)participates in, instead of solely enhancing dissolved (aqueous)disassociation and reactions. The production of microbubbles andselection of appropriate size distribution is provided by usingmicroporous material and a bubble chamber for optimizing gaseousexchange through high surface area to volume ratio and long residencetime within the liquid to be treated. The equipment promotes thecontinuous production of microbubbles while minimizing coalescing oradhesion.

The injected air/ozone combination moves as a fluid into the material tobe treated. The use of microencapsulated ozone enhances and promotesin-situ stripping of volatile organics and simultaneously terminates thenormal reversible Henry reaction. The process involves promotingsimultaneous volatile organic compounds (VOC) in-situ stripping andgaseous decomposition, with moisture (water) and substrate (catalyst orenhancer). The basic chemical reaction mechanism of air/ozoneencapsulated in microfine bubbles is further described in several of myissued patents such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,855,775, 6,596,161, 6,582,611,6,436,285, and 6,312,605, all of which are incorporated herein byreference.

The compounds commonly treated are HVOCs (halogenated volatile organiccompounds), PCE, TCE, DCE, vinyl chloride (VC), EDB, petroleumcompounds, aromatic ring compounds like benzene derivatives (benzene,toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes). In the case of a halogenated volatileorganic carbon compound (HVOC), PCE, gas/gas reaction of PCE tobyproducts of HC1, CO2 and accomplishes this. In the case of petroleumproducts like BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes), thebenzene entering the bubbles reacts to decompose to CO2 and H2O.

Also, pseudo Criegee reactions with the substrate and ozone appeareffective in reducing saturated olefins like trichloro alkanes(1,1,1,-TCA), carbon tetrachloride (CCI₄), chloroform methyl chloride,and chlorobenzene, for instance.

Other contaminants that can be treated or removed include hydrocarbonsand, in particular, volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons such astetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, cisdichloroethene,transdichloroethene, 1-1-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride. Inparticular, other materials can also be removed including chloroalkanes,including 1,1,1 trichloroethane, 1,1, dichloroethane, methylenechloride, and chloroform. Also, aromatic ring compounds such asoxygenates such as O-xylene, P-xylene, naphthalene andmethyltetrabutylether (MTBE), ethyltetrabutylether, andtertiaryamyltylether can be treated.

Ozone is an effective oxidant used for the breakdown of organiccompounds in water treatment. The major problem in effectiveness is thatozone has a short lifetime. If ozone is mixed with sewage containingwater above ground, the half-life is normally minutes. Ozone reactsquantitatively with PCE to yield breakdown products of hydrochloricacid, carbon dioxide, and water.

To offset the short life span, the ozone is injected with microporousdiffusers, enhancing the selectiveness of action of the ozone. Byencapsulating the ozone in fine bubbles, the bubbles wouldpreferentially extract a vapor phase fraction of the volatile compoundsorganic compounds they encountered. With this process, a vapor phaseaccording to a partition governed by Henry's Law, of the volatileorganics are selectively pulled into the fine air-ozone bubbles. The gasthat enters a small bubble of volume (4πr3) increases until reaching anasymptotic value of saturation. The ozone in the bubbles attacks thevolatile organics, generally by a Criegee or Criegee like reaction.

The following characteristics of the contaminants appear desirable forreaction:

Henry's Constant: 10-2 to 10-4 m3 atm/mol Solubility: 10 to 20,000 mg/1Vapor pressure: 1 to 3000 mmhg Saturation concentration: 5 to 9000 g/m3

The production of microbubbles and selection of appropriate sizedistribution are selected for optimized gas exchange through highsurface area to volume ratio and long residence time within the area tobe treated. The microbubbles are generated by using microporousmaterials in the microporous diffuser 50 that acts as a bubble chamber,as shown in the embodiment 50 (FIGS. 3A-3B) or, alternatively, throughthe embodiment 70 of the microporous diffuser of FIGS. 4A-4B.

Referring now to FIGS. 2A-2B, a microporous diffuser 50 is shown. Themicroporous diffuser 50 includes a first cylindrical member 56 comprisedof a hydrophobic material that provides an outer cylindrical shell forthe microporous diffuser 50. The cylindrical member 56 has a sidewall 56a comprised of a large plurality of micropores. A second cylindricalmember 60 is coaxially disposed within the first cylindrical member 56.The second cylindrical member 60 is comprised of a hydrophobic materialand has a sidewall 60 a comprised of a large plurality of micropores.Also disposed within the confines of the first cylindrical member 56 area plurality of cylindrical members 58, here four, which have sidewalls58 a having a large plurality of micropores and also comprised of ahydrophobic material.

Proximate ends of the plurality of cylindrical members 58 are coupled tofirst inlet ports generally denoted as 52 a and a proximate end ofcentral cylindrical member 60 is coupled to a second inlet port 52 bwhich is provided with inlet cap 52. In the disclosed embodiment ozoneis fed to the first inlet ports 52 a and air is fed to the second inletport 52 b. At the opposite end of the microporous diffuser 50 an end cap54 covers distal ends of cylindrical members 56 and 60. Here distal endsof the plurality of cylindrical members 58 are sealed by separate caps59 but could be terminated by the end cap 54. The end cap 54 inconjunction with cap 52 seals the ends of the microporous diffuser. Eachof the cylindrical members 56, 58 and 60 are here cylindrical in shapeand have a plurality of microscopic openings constructed throughsidewalls 56 a, 58 a and 60 a, respectively, thereof having pore sizesmatched to or to create a pore size effective for inducing gas/gasreactions. Sidewalls of each of the cylindrical members can have a porediameter in a range of 1-200 microns, preferably 1-80 microns and morepreferably 1-20 microns. The combination of the inlet cap 52 and end cap54 seals the microporous diffuser 50 permitting liquid and gas to escapeby the porous construction of sidewalls of the microporous diffusers.

The microporous diffuser 50 can optionally be filled with a microporousmaterial such as microbeads with mesh sizes from 20 to 200 mesh or sandpack or porous hydrophilic plastic to allow introducing ozone into thepore spaces where ozone is exiting.

Referring now to FIGS. 3A and 3B, an alternate embodiment 70 of amicroporous diffuser is shown. The microporous diffuser 70 includes anouter cylindrical member 76 having a sidewall 76 a within which isdisposed an inner cylindrical member 78 having a sidewall 78 a. Theinner cylindrical member 78 is spaced from the sidewall of the outercylindrical member. The space 77 between the inner and outer cylindricalmembers 76, 78 is filled with a packing material comprised of glassbeads or silica particles (silicon dioxide) or porous plastic which, ingeneral, are hydrophilic in nature. This space is coupled to a firstinput port 72 a which receives a first gas, e.g., ozone from pump 26.

The microporous diffuser 70 has the inner cylindrical member 78 disposedcoaxial or concentric to cylindrical member 78. Sidewalls of each of thecylindrical members can have a pore diameter in a range of 1-200microns, preferably 1-80 microns and more preferably 1-20 microns. Aproximate end of the inner cylindrical member is coupled to a secondinlet port 72 b that is fed the second gas, e.g., air from pump 22. Themicroporous diffuser also includes an end cap 74 that secures distalends of the cylinders 76 and 78. The combination of the inlet cap 72 andend cap 74 seals the microporous diffuser permitting liquid and gas toescape by the porous construction of sidewalls of the microporousdiffusers.

Referring now to FIGS. 4A, 4B, construction details for the elongatedcylindrical members for the microporous diffusers 50, 70 are shown. Asshown in FIG. 4A, sidewalls of the members can be constructed from ametal or a plastic support layer 91 having large (as shown) or fineperforations 91 a over which is disposed a layer of a sintered i.e.,heat fused microscopic particles of plastic. The plastic can be anyhydrophobic material such as polyvinylchloride; polypropylene,polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, high-density polyethylene (HDPE)and ABS. The support layer 91 can have fine or coarse openings and canbe of other types of materials.

FIG. 4B shows an alternative arrangement 94 in which sidewalls of themembers are formed of a sintered i.e., heat fused microscopic particlesof plastic. The plastic can be any hydrophobic material such aspolyvinylchloride, polypropylene, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene,high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and alkylbenzylsulfonate (ABS).

The fittings (i.e., the inlets in FIGS. 2A, 3A can be threaded and areattached to the inlet cap members by epoxy, heat fusion, solvent orwelding with heat treatment to remove volatile solvents or otherapproaches. Standard threading can be used for example NPT (nationalpipe thread) or box thread e.g., (F480). The fittings thus are securelyattached to the microporous diffusers in a manner that insures that themicroporous diffusers can handle pressures that are encountered withinjecting of the air/ozone.

Referring to FIG. 5, an embodiment of a microbubbler 100 is shown. Themicrobubbler 100 includes an outer cylinder 102 that is secured betweena top cap 104 and bottom cap 106. In the top cap 104 a pair of inlets108 a, 108 b are disposed. The outer cylinder member 102 defines. Afirst interior chamber 102 a that is fed by a first one 108 a of theinlets 108 a, 108 b. The microbubbler 100 also includes an innercylinder 110 of a microporous material, which defines a second interiorchamber 110 a. A solid cylindrical insert 114 is disposed within anupper portion of the second interior chamber 110 a and is secured inplace by a pin 111 a that is attached for instance to the microporousmaterial cylinder 110. A nozzle member 116 is disposed within a lowerportion of the second interior chamber 110 a and is secured in place bya second pin 111 b that is attached for instance to a shroud 115 thatcovers the bottom end cap.

The microbubbler 100 receives a liquid through the inlet 108 b thatdirectly couples to a chamber defined by the inner cylinder 110 andpropagates through the region about the solid cylindrical insert 114. Insome embodiments the liquid can be hydrogen peroxide whereas in othersit can be clean water. In a water embodiment, the microbubbler can beused in a pumped water or recirculating water arrangement, where anexternal source of water or water found inside the well, e.g., in afractured formation, is recirculated into the microbubbler 100 using asubmersible pump or other arrangement (not shown). Gas, ozone and airare fed through inlet 108 a through the cavity or chamber defined by theouter cylinder member 102 the inner cylinder 110 of the microporousmaterial. Pressure of the gas forces the gas out of the cavity throughthe microporous materials, (e.g., 0.2 to 200 microns) where the gas(ozone and air) meet the liquid, which forms bubbles of the gas with acoating of the liquid. The solid cylindrical insert 114 and nozzle 116provides dispersion of the bubbles through the bottom end cap.

In a typical embodiment, tubes that connect to the bubbler 100 can bestainless steel, the outer cylinder is PVC schedule 40, having an innerdiameter of 2″, the cylinder member 104 has a diameter of 1 inch, and aninner diameter of 0.5 inches, leaving a sidewall of microporousmaterials 0.25 inches thick.

The microbubbler 100 can be used in conjunction with one or moremicroporous diffusers 50, 70 in a sparging apparatus of FIG. 1 or anon-laminar microporous diffuser (e.g., one that delivers a single fluidstream), where the application is for a deep well. Alternatively, themicrobubbler can be used in a shallower well, e.g., less that 180 ft indepth with or without one or more laminar microporous diffusers 50, 70,or a non-laminar microporous diffuser (e.g., one that delivers a singlefluid stream). Alternatively, the microbubbler 100 can be used in placeof microporous diffusers. When disposed in a sparging apparatus, apacker (not shown) can be placed generally anywhere along the length ofthe bubbler 100 provided it is above the shroud and below fittings forthe tubing.

The solid cylindrical insert 114 can have a taper starting at about 0.5inches diameter to fit snuggly into the interior of the second member104 and taper down to 0.1 to 0.15 inches at the bottom. The length ofthe microbubbler 109 can be of the order of 0.5 to 5 feet, morepreferably 1-2 feet in length. The taper can allow manual adjustment ofthe solid cylindrical insert 114 within the cavity of the second member104 to provide an adjustment of the shearing properties of the fluid asit passes over the inner surface of the microporous material and exitsthe microbubbler 100.

By combining reactants below the surface this microbubbler 100 avoidsquenching of reactants during transport and lessens side reactions thatcan take place with transport tubing and delivery systems. The bubblesize of the bubbles can be adjusted by changing the size of themicroporous materials and by adjusting the shearing velocities of theliquid that sheers bubbles away from the microporous materials. Also thedistribution of the bubbles can be adjusted by pulsing of thegas/liquids.

A number of embodiments of the invention have been described.Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may bemade without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

1. Deep well sparging method, comprising: delivering a first reactant toa first cylinder, and delivering a second reactant to a second cylinderof microporous material, the first and second cylinders being concentricwith one another such that mixing of the first reactant and the secondreactant occurs for delivery at a well site.
 2. The method of claim 1,the first reactant and second reactant being mixed to form gas bubbles,coated with a liquid, at the well site.
 3. The method of claim 1,further comprising: disposing the second cylinder within a firstinterior chamber of the first cylinder, the second cylinder defining asecond interior chamber; coupling a nozzle to a lower portion of thesecond interior chamber, the nozzle providing dispersion of the firstreactant and the second reactant; disposing a solid cylindrical insertinto the second interior chamber; and coupling a top cap and a bottomcap to the first cylinder, to terminate the ends of the first cylinder.4. The method of claim 1, wherein delivering the first reactantcomprises delivering one of air or ozone to the first cylinder.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, wherein delivering the second reactant comprisesdelivering one of water or hydrogen peroxide to the second cylinder. 6.The method of claim 1, further comprising: coupling a first compressorto the first cylinder and coupling a second compressor to the secondcylinder; and coupling a pump to supply the first reactant to the secondcompressor and coupling an ozone generator to supply the second reactantto the first compressor.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the firstreactant is a liquid or a gas.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein thesecond reactant is a liquid or a gas.
 9. The method of claim 7 whereinthe gas is ozone or air.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the liquidis water or hydrogen peroxide.
 11. The method of claim 8 wherein the gasis ozone or air.
 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the liquid is wateror hydrogen peroxide.
 13. The method of claim 6, further comprising (a)coupling an ozone generator to supply ozone to the first compressor and(b) coupling a pump to supply air to the second compressor.
 14. Themethod of claim 13, further comprising arranging the ozone generator andthe pump so that the ozone generator siphons the ozone to the first andsecond cylinders.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprisingsupplying the ozone at a flow rate of 0.5-50 cubic feet per hour (CFH)and supplying the air at a flow rate of 2-20 CFH.
 16. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising emitting microbubbles of encapsulated ozoneand/or air from the first and/or second cylinder.
 17. The method ofclaim 1, wherein delivery of the first and second reactants mixes thereactants within the first and/or second cylinder.
 18. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising disposing the first and second cylindersinto a well that is contaminated with various constituents.
 19. Themethod of claim 18, further comprising disposing the first and secondcylinders in the well at a depth exceeding a depth that produces backpressure on an ozone generator connected to the first and secondcylinders.
 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising disposing thefirst and second cylinders in the well at a vertical depth in excess of180 feet from the surface of the earth.
 21. The method of claim 1, thefirst or second cylinders emitting microbubbles having a size in a rangeof 0.5 to 200 microns.